Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology

Journal of Petroleum Science and Technology

Integrating CCUS and Blue Hydrogen in Refining and Gas Processing:Pathways to Practical Decarbonization

Document Type : Special issue CO2 Capture

Authors
Amirali Najjar
Mohammadreza Akbari
Yasin Khalili
Department of Petroleum and Geoenergy Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
10.22078/jpst.2026.5816.1992
Abstract
The refining and natural gas processing industries are among the most carbon-intensive sectors due to their energyintensive
operations and widespread reliance on fossil-based hydrogen and combustion systems. Achieving deep
decarbonization in these facilities requires technically feasible and economically viable solutions that can be deployed
at scale without disrupting operational reliability. This review examines carbon capture, utilization, and storage
(CCUS) and blue hydrogen as integrated pathways for reducing CO2 emissions in refineries and gas processing
plants. Moreover, key CO2 emission sources and stream characteristics are analyzed to identify priority capture
opportunities, followed by a comparative assessment of major capture technologies, including post-combustion, precombustion,
and oxy-fuel systems. In addition, the role of blue hydrogen produced via steam methane reforming
and autothermal reforming with CO2 capture is evaluated as a low-carbon fuel and feedstock that can anchor early
CCUS deployment. Furthermore, CO2 utilization and geological storage options, along with associated transport
infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and economic considerations, are reviewed to assess the potential for largescale
implementation. Lessons learned from industrial pilots and case studies are synthesized to highlight integration
challenges, cost drivers, and scalability constraints. Finally, a phased decarbonization roadmap is proposed, outlining
near-, mid-, and long-term strategies that combine CCUS, blue hydrogen, electrification, and efficiency improvements.
The analysis demonstrates that integrated CCUS and blue hydrogen systems offer a pragmatic and scalable transition
pathway toward net-zero emissions in refining and gas processing industries.
Keywords
Industrial Decarbonization
Hydrogen Production Systems
Carbon Management Technologies
RefineryProcess Integration
Low-carbon Energy Transition
Net, I. E. A. (2021). Zero by 2050: a roadmap for the global energy sector. Int Energy Agency, 224.
Balcombe, P., Anderson, K., Speirs, J., Brandon, N., & Hawkes, A. (2017). The natural gas supply chain: the importance of methane and carbon dioxide emissions. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(1), 3-20. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00144.
Glavič, P., Pintarič, Z. N., Levičnik, H., Dragojlović, V., & Bogataj, M. (2023). Transitioning towards net-zero emissions in chemical and process industries: a holistic perspective. Processes, 11(9), 2647. doi.org/10.3390/pr11092647.
Baliga, U. B. (2024, April). The Role of Carbon Capture and Hydrogen in the Energy Transition. In Offshore Technology Conference (p. D021S028R001). OTC. doi.org/10.4043/35414-MS.
Nurdiawati, A., & Urban, F. (2022). Decarbonising the refinery sector: a socio-technical analysis of advanced biofuels, green hydrogen and carbon capture and storage developments in Sweden. Energy Research & Social Science, 84, 102358. doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2021.102358.
Bai, Z., Hou, X., Li, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, C., Gui, C., & Zuo, X. (2024). Hydrogeochemical Characteristics and Sulfate Source of Groundwater in Sangu Spring Basin, China. Water, 16(20), 2884. doi.org/10.3390/w16202884.
Ahlström, E., & Hult, O. (2023). Hydrogen production for a net zero refinery. hdl.handle.net/20.500.12380/306149.
Sovacool, B. K., Del Rio, D. F., Herman, K., Iskandarova, M., Uratani, J. M., & Griffiths, S. (2024). Reconfiguring European industry for net-zero: a qualitative review of hydrogen and carbon capture utilization and storage benefits and implementation challenges. Energy & Environmental Science, 17(10), 3523-3569. doi: 10.1039/D3EE03270A.
Rui, Z., Zeng, L., & Dindoruk, B. (2025). Challenges in the large-scale deployment of CCUS. Engineering, 44, 17-20. doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2024.11.031.
Storrs, K.D.P., I. Lyhne, and R.J.I.J.o.G.G.C. Drustrup, A comprehensive framework for feasibility of CCUS deployment: A meta-review of literature on factors impacting CCUS deployment. 2023. 125: p. 103878. Storrs, K. D. P., Lyhne, I., & Drustrup, R. (2023). A comprehensive framework for feasibility of CCUS deployment: A meta-review of literature on factors impacting CCUS deployment. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 125, 103878.
Byrum, Z., Pilorgé, H., & Wilcox, J. (2021). Technological pathways for decarbonizing petroleum refining. World Resources Institute: Washington, DC, USA.
Sun, P., Cappello, V., Elgowainy, A., Vyawahare, P., Ma, O., Podkaminer, K., Rustagi, N., Koleva, M. and Melaina, M. (2023). An analysis of the potential and cost of the US refinery sector decarbonization. Environmental Science & Technology, 57(3), 1411-1424. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.2c07440.
De Maigret, J., Viesi, D., Mahbub, M.S., Testi, M., Cuonzo, M., Thellufsen, J.Z., Østergaard, P.A., Lund, H., Baratieri, M. and Crema, L. (2022). A multi-objective optimization approach in defining the decarbonization strategy of a refinery. Smart Energy, 6, 100076. doi.org/10.1016/j.segy.2022.100076.
Alizadeh, S. M., Khalili, Y., Hantoush, K. O., & Ahmadi, M. (2025, April). Leveraging Machine Learning to Model Hydrocarbon-CO2 Solubility Behavior. In SPE Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference (p. D032S004R001). SPE. doi.org/10.2118/224577-MS
Jing, L., El-Houjeiri, H. M., Monfort, J. C., Brandt, A. R., Masnadi, M. S., Gordon, D., & Bergerson, J. A. (2020). Carbon intensity of global crude oil refining and mitigation potential. Nature Climate Change, 10(6), 526-532. doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0775-3.
Kohse-Höinghaus, K. (2023). Combustion, chemistry, and carbon neutrality. Chemical Reviews, 123(8), 5139-5219. doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00828.
Robert, K., Bernard, W., David, L., & Joseph, R. (2017). Assessing the Methane Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Power Plants and Oil Refineries. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.6b05531.
Luan, H., Wu, C., Xiu, G., Ju, F., Ling, H., & Pan, H. (2022). Study on emission factors of FCC flue gas pollutants in petroleum refineries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(22), 33400-33410. doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16767-1.
Oni, A. O., Anaya, K., Giwa, T., Di Lullo, G., & Kumar, A. (2022). Comparative assessment of blue hydrogen from steam methane reforming, autothermal reforming, and natural gas decomposition technologies for natural gas-producing regions. Energy Conversion and Management, 254, 115245. doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2022.115245.
Ishaq, H., & Crawford, C. (2025). Towards less carbon-intensive blue hydrogen: Integrated natural gas reforming and CO2 capture approach. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 13(2), 115043. doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.115043.
Slavin, B., Wang, R., Roy, D., Ling-Chin, J., & Roskilly, A. P. (2024). Techno-economic analysis of direct air carbon capture and hydrogen production integrated with a small modular reactor. Applied Energy, 356, 122407. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.122407.
Güleç, F., Meredith, W., & Snape, C. E. (2020). Progress in the CO2 capture technologies for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) units—a review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 8, 62. doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.00062.
Selalame, T. W., Patel, R., Mujtaba, I. M., Gorelick S. & John, Y. M. (2022). A review of modelling of the FCC unit–part I: The riser. Energies, 15(1), 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15010308.
Mohamadi-Baghmolaei, M., Hajizadeh, A., Zendehboudi, S., Duan, X., Shiri, H., & Cata Saady, N. M. (2021). Exergy and exergoeconomic assessment of an acid gas removal unit in a gas refinery plant. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 60(40), 14591-14612. doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.1c02499.
Meshram, R. B., Yadav, G. D., Marathe, K. V., & Sahoo, K. L. (2024). Evaluating the carbon footprint of sulphur recovery unit: A comprehensive analysis. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 12(2), 111916. doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2024.111916.
Ling, J., Ntiamoah, A., Xiao, P., Webley, P. A., & Zhai, Y. (2015). Effects of feed gas concentration, temperature and process parameters on vacuum swing adsorption performance for CO2 capture. Chemical Engineering Journal, 265, 47-57. doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.11.121.
Amhamed, A., & Abotaleb, A. (2019). Novel AGR-EOR compression integration for process optimization. SPE Production & Operations, 34(02), 421-428. doi.org/10.2118/195569-PA.
Sanni, S. E., Agboola, O., Fagbiele, O., Yusuf, E. O., & Emetere, M. E. (2020). Optimization of natural gas treatment for the removal of CO2 and H2S in a novel alkaline-DEA hybrid scrubber. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 29(1), 83-94. doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpe.2019.11.003.
Anisi, H., Shahhosseini, S., & Fallah, A. (2022). Performance optimization of an industrial natural gas dehydration process to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. The Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, 100(3), 476-490. doi.org/10.1002/cjce.24146.
Marx, A., Dusek, J., Jankovec, J., Sanda, M., Vogel, T., van Geldern, R., Hartmann, J. and Barth, J.A.C. (2017). A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: A global perspective. Reviews of Geophysics, 55(2), 560-585. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016RG000547.
Nemitallah, M. A., Abdelhafez, A. A., Ali, A., Mansir, I., & Habib, M. A. (2019). Frontiers in combustion techniques and burner designs for emissions control and CO2 capture: A review. International Journal of Energy Research, 43(14), 7790-7822. doi.org/10.1002/er.4730.
Saxena, A., Prakash Gupta, J., Tiwary, J.K., Kumar, A., Sharma, S., Pandey, G., Biswas, S. and Raghav Chaturvedi, K. (2024). Innovative pathways in carbon capture: Advancements and strategic approaches for effective carbon capture, utilization, and storage. Sustainability, 16(22), 10132. doi.org/10.3390/su162210132.
Kahlke, S. L., Pumpa, M., Schütz, S., Kather, A., Gorelick S. & Rütters, H. (2020). Potential dynamics of CO2 stream composition and mass flow rates in CCS clusters. Processes, 8(9), 1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091188
Ghader Zahiri, M., Akbari, M., & Khalili, Y. (2025). Integrating Bioenergy with Advanced Thermodynamic Cycles for Net-Negative Emission Power Generation: A Pathway Toward Sustainable Green Energy Systems. Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation, e732369. doi: 10.61186/jgeri.2025.2076054
Khalili, Y., Abassi, S., & Bagheri, M. (2025). Integrated Enhanced Gas and Oil Recovery with Carbon Capture and Storage: Technical, Economic, Social, and Environmental Insights for Net-Zero Transition. Journal of Green Energy Research and Innovation, e729881. doi: 10.61186/jgeri.2025.2070165.1076.
Kheirinik, M., Ahmed, S., & Rahmanian, N. (2021). Comparative techno-economic analysis of carbon capture processes: Pre-combustion, post-combustion, and oxy-fuel combustion operations. Sustainability, 13(24), 13567. doi.org/10.3390/su132413567.
Wu, X., Yu, Y., Qin, Z., & Zhang, Z. (2014). The advances of post-combustion CO2 capture with chemical solvents: review and guidelines. Energy Procedia, 63, 1339-1346. doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.143.
Wang, M., Lawal, A., Stephenson, P., Sidders, J., & Ramshaw, C. (2011). Post-combustion CO2 capture with chemical absorption: A state-of-the-art review. Chemical engineering research and design, 89(9), 1609-1624. doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2010.11.005.
Chorowski, M., & Gizicki, W. (2015). Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes. Archives of thermodynamics, 157-170.
Kotowicz, J., Michalski, S., & Brzęczek, M. (2019). The characteristics of a modern oxy-fuel power plant. Energies, 12(17), 3374. doi.org/10.3390/en12173374
Rafique, A., Akram, A., Iqbal, S., Abbas, S., Yousaf, S., Ullah, S., Asghar, M., Saddiqa, A., Hadier, A., Liaqat, M. and Ullah, M.K. (2024). A Review on Nano Filtration System. International Journal of Environmental Chemistry, 10(1), 1-4. 
Wu, H., Reali, R. S., Smith, D. A., Trachtenberg, M. C., & Li, J. (2010). Highly selective CO2 capture by a flexible microporous metal–organic framework (MMOF) material. Chemistry–A European Journal, 16(47), 13951-13954. doi.org/10.1002/chem.201002683
Rong, Y. (2009). FCC Regeneration Process Design for CO2 Emissions Reduction. The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
Yao, Y., Marano, J., Morrow III, W. R., & Masanet, E. (2018). Quantifying carbon capture potential and cost of carbon capture technology application in the US refining industry. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 74, 87-98. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2018.04.020.
Olabi, A. G., Wilberforce, T., Elsaid, K., Sayed, E. T., Maghrabie, H. M., & Abdelkareem, M. A. (2022). Large scale application of carbon capture to process industries–a review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 362, 132300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.132300.
Young, B., Krynock, M., Carlson, D., Hawkins, T.R., Marriott, J., Morelli, B., Jamieson, M., Cooney, G. and Skone, T.J., (2019). Comparative environmental life cycle assessment of carbon capture for petroleum refining, ammonia production, and thermoelectric power generation in the United States. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 91, 102821. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2019.102821.
Alizadeh, S. M., Khalili, Y., & Ahmadi, M. (2025). Comprehensive review of carbon capture and storage integration in hydrogen production: opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives. Energies, 17(21), 5330. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17215330.
Khalili, Y., Yasemi, S., Bagheri, M., & Sanati, A. (2025). Advancements in hydrogen storage technologies: Integrating with renewable energy and innovative solutions for a sustainable future. Energy Geoscience, 100408. doi.org/10.1016/j.engeos.2025.100408.
Wu, W., Zhai, H., & Holubnyak, E. (2024). Technological evolution of large-scale blue hydrogen production toward the US Hydrogen Energy Earthshot. Nature Communications, 15(1), 5684. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-50090-w.
Udemu, C., & Font-Palma, C. (2024). Potential cost savings of large-scale blue hydrogen production via sorption-enhanced steam reforming process. Energy Conversion and Management, 302, 118132. doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118132.
Curcio, E. (2025). Techno-economic analysis of hydrogen production: Costs, policies, and scalability in the transition to net-zero. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 128, 473-487. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.04.013.
Vives, A. M. V., Wang, R., Roy, S., & Smallbone, A. (2023). Techno-economic analysis of large-scale green hydrogen production and storage. Applied Energy, 346, 121333. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2023.121333.
Mac Dowell, N., Sunny, N., Brandon, N., Herzog, H., Ku, A. Y., Maas, W., Gorelick S. & Shah, N. (2021). The hydrogen economy: A pragmatic path forward. Joule, 5(10), 2524-2529.
Tetteh, D. A., & Salehi, S. (2023). The blue hydrogen economy: A promising option for the near-to-mid-term energy transition. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 145(4), 042701. doi.org/10.1115/1.4055205.
Novotny, V. (2023). Blue hydrogen can be a source of green energy in the period of decarbonization. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 48(20), 7202-7218. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2022.11.095.
Boretti, A., & Pollet, B. G. (2024). Hydrogen economy: Paving the path to a sustainable, low-carbon future. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 93, 307-319. doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2024.10.350.
Ueckerdt, F., Verpoort, P. C., Anantharaman, R., Bauer, C., Beck, F., Longden, T., & Roussanaly, S. (2024). On the cost competitiveness of blue and green hydrogen. Joule, 8(1), 104-128. doi: 10.1016/j.joule.2023.12.004.
Fazeli, R., Longden, T., & Beck, F. J. (2025). Dynamics of price-based competition between blue and green hydrogen with net zero emissions targets. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 210, 115244. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2024.115244.
Davids, D., Grant, N., Mittal, S., Hawkes, A., & Oluleye, G. (2025). Impact of methane leakage rate and carbon capture rate on blue hydrogen sustainability using combined warming index. Applied Energy, 394, 125888. doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2025.125888.
Romano, M.C., Antonini, C., Bardow, A., Bertsch, V., Brandon, N.P., Brouwer, J., Campanari, S., Crema, L., Dodds, P.E., Gardarsdottir, S. and Gazzani, M., (2022). Comment on “How green is blue hydrogen?”. Energy Science & Engineering, 10(7), 1944-1954. doi.org/10.1002/ese3.1126.
Elhefnawy, W., Gad, F. K., Shazly, M., & Nemitallah, M. A. (2025). Production Technology of Blue Hydrogen with Low CO2 Emissions. Processes, 13(11), 3498. doi.org/10.3390/pr13113498.
Kumar, D. (2024). Hydrogen production in wyoming’s energy transition: an integrated assessment of levelized costs of hydrogen incorporating co2 emissions. University of Wyoming.
Bashir, A., Ali, M., Patil, S., Aljawad, M.S., Mahmoud, M., Al-Shehri, D., Hoteit, H. and Kamal, M.S., (2024). Comprehensive review of CO2 geological storage: Exploring principles, mechanisms, and prospects. Earth-Science Reviews, 249, 104672. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104672.
Núñez-López, V., & Moskal, E. (2019). Potential of CO2-EOR for near-term decarbonization. Frontiers in Climate, 1, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2019.00005
Zajac, M., Skocek, J., Ben Haha, M., & Deja, J. (2022). CO2 mineralization methods in cement and concrete industry. Energies, 15(10), 3597. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103597.
Pérez-Fortes, M., Schöneberger, J. C., Boulamanti, A., & Tzimas, E. (2016). Methanol synthesis using captured CO2 as raw material: Techno-economic and environmental assessment. Applied energy, 161, 718-732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.07.067.
Devkota, S., Karmacharya, P., Maharjan, S., Khatiwada, D., & Uprety, B. (2024). Decarbonizing urea: Techno-economic and environmental analysis of a model hydroelectricity and carbon capture based green urea production. Applied Energy, 372, 123789. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.123789.
Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., Vandercamme, L., & Phoumin, H. (2024). Enhancing the economic feasibility of carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) projects. Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 26(01), 2350024. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1464333223500242.
Lagneau, V., Pipart, A., & Catalette, H. (2005). Reactive transport modeling and long-term behavior of CO2 sequestration in saline aquifers. Oil & Gas Science and Technology, 60(2), 231-247. https://doi.org/10.2516/ogst:2005014 .
De Silva, P. N. K., & Ranjith, P. G. (2012). A study of methodologies for CO2 storage capacity estimation of saline aquifers. Fuel, 93, 13-27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.07.004.
De Coninck, H.C., Groenenberg, H., Anderson, J., Curnow, P., Flach, T., Flagstad, O.A., Norton, C., Reiner, D. and Shackley, S., (2006). Acceptability of CO2 capture and storage. A review of legal, regulatory, economic and social aspects of CO2 capture and storage.
Gollakota, S., & McDonald, S. (2014). Commercial-scale CCS project in Decatur, Illinois–construction status and operational plans for demonstration. Energy Procedia, 63, 5986-5993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.633
Svensson, R., Odenberger, M., Johnsson, F., & Strömberg, L. (2024). Transportation systems for CO2––application to carbon capture and storage. Energy conversion and management, 45(15-16), 2343-2353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.022.
Zhang, Z. X., Wang, G. X., Massarotto, P., & Rudolph, V. (2006). Optimization of pipeline transport for CO2 sequestration. Energy Conversion and Management, 47(6), 702-715. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2005.06.001
Costa, I., Rochedo, P., Costa, D., Ferreira, P., Gorelick S., Schaeffer, R., & Szklo, A. (2019). Placing hubs in CO2 pipelines: An application to industrial CO2 emissions in the Iberian Peninsula. Applied Energy, 236, 22-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.11.050.
Derpich, I., Duran, C., Carrasco, R., Moreno, F., Fernandez-Campusano, C., & Espinosa-Leal, L. (2024). Pursuing optimization using multimodal transportation system: A strategic approach to minimizing costs and CO2 emissions. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 12(6), 976. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12060976.
Bjerketvedt, V. S., Tomasgard, A., & Roussanaly, S. (2024). Deploying a shipping infrastructure to enable carbon capture and storage from Norwegian industries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 333, 129586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129586.
Turakulov, Z., Kamolov, A., Norkobilov, A., Variny, M., Díaz‐Sainz, G., Gómez‐Coma, L., & Fallanza, M. (2024). Assessing various CO2 utilization technologies: a brief comparative review. Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology, 99(6), 1291-1307. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.7606.
Dimitriou, I., García-Gutiérrez, P., Gorelick S., Cuéllar-Franca, R. M., Azapagic, A., & Allen, R. W. (2015). Carbon dioxide utilisation for production of transport fuels: process and economic analysis. Energy & Environmental Science, 8(6), 1775-1789.
Khalili, Y., Yasemi, S., Abdi, M., Ghasemi Ertian, M., Mohammadi, M., & Bagheri, M. (2025). A Review of Integrated Carbon Capture and Hydrogen Storage: AI-Driven Optimization for Efficiency and Scalability. Sustainability, 17(13), 5754. https://doi.org/10.3390/su17135754.
Baker, E. D., & Khatami, S. N. (2019). The levelized cost of carbon: a practical, if imperfect, method to compare CO2 abatement projects. Climate Policy, 19(9), 1132-1143. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2019.1634508.
Li, Y., Ren, J., Ma, H., & Campbell, A. N. (2024). Technical and economic performance assessment of blue hydrogen production using new configuration through modelling and simulation. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 134, 104112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2024.104112.
Fazioli, R., & Pantaleone, F. (2021). Macroeconomic factors influencing public policy strategies for blue and green hydrogen. Energies, 14(23), 7938. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237938.
Digitemie, W. N., & Ekemezie, I. O. (2024). Assessing the role of carbon pricing in global climate change mitigation strategies. Magna Scientia Advanced Research and Reviews, 10(2), 022-031.
Gilmour, J. (2023). 45Q: Toward a stronger federal carbon capture tax credit. Environmental Claims Journal, 35(3), 235-253. https://doi.org/10.1080/10406026.2023.2252375.
Esposito, R. A., Kuuskraa, V. A., Rossman, C. G., & Gorelick S. (2019). Reconsidering CCS in the US fossil‐fuel fired electricity industry under section 45Q tax credits. Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology, 9(6), 1288-1301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1925.
Ason, A., & Dal Poz, J. (2024). Contracts for difference: the instrument of choice for the energy transition (No. 34). OIES Paper: ET.
Deel, D., Mahajan, K., Mahoney, C. R., McIlvried, H. G., & Srivastava, R. D. (2017). Risk assessment and management for long-term storage of CO2 in geologic formations-United States Department of Energy R&D. Systemics, Cybernetics and Informatics, 5(1), 79-84.
Oh, S., & Al-Juaied, M. (2024). Decarbonizing industrial hubs and clusters: Towards an integrated framework of green industrial policies. Energy Research & Social Science, 118, 103777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2024.103777.
Tokushige, K., Akimoto, K., & Gorelick S. (2007). Public perceptions on the acceptance of geological storage of carbon dioxide and information influencing the acceptance. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 1(1), 101-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1750-5836(07)00020-5.
White, L.V., Fazeli, R., Cheng, W., Aisbett, E., Beck, F.J., Baldwin, K.G., Howarth, P. and O’Neill, L., (2021). Towards emissions certification systems for international trade in hydrogen: The policy challenge of defining boundaries for emissions accounting. Energy, 215, 119139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119139.
Chattopadhyaya, S., Gandhi, R., Grossmanna, I. E., Gorelick S. & Torres, A. I. (2024). Optimization of Retrofit Decarbonization in Oil Refineries. Systems and Control Transactions, 3, 426-433.
Gola, S., & Noussia, K. (2022). From CO2 sources to sinks: Regulatory challenges for trans-boundary trade, shipment and storage. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 179, 106039. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.106039.
Zakkour, P., & Haines, M. (2007). Permitting issues for CO2 capture, transport and geological storage: a review of Europe, USA, Canada and Australia. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 1(1), 94-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1750-5836(06)00008-9.
Zhang, H. (2021). Regulations for carbon capture, utilization and storage: Comparative analysis of development in Europe, China and the Middle East. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 173, 105722. doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105722.
Grant, T., Morgan, D. J., Cunha, L. B., Vactor, R. T., & Gorelick, S. (2024, April). CCS Opportunity Along the Gulf Coast Corridor. In Offshore Technology Conference (p. D021S018R002). OTC. doi.org/10.4043/35130-MS 
Furre, A. K., Meneguolo, R., Ringrose, P., & Kassold, S. (2019). Building confidence in CCS: from Sleipner to the Northern Lights project. First Break, 37(7), 81-87. doi.org/10.3997/1365-2397.n0038.
Sheikh, F. (2021, December). Commercialization of Al Reyadah–World’s 1st carbon capture CCUS project from iron & steel industry for enhanced oil recovery CO2-EOR. In Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference (p. D021S058R001). SPE. https://doi.org/10.2118/207676-MS .
Alqaydi, M., Almazrouei, A., & Alameri, A. (2024, September). Comprehensive Study of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) in the UAE: A Step Towards Sustainable Future. In SPE International Conference and Exhibition on Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability? (p. D021S009R004). SPE.
Murugan, A., Brown, R.J., Wilmot, R., Hussain, D., Bartlett, S., Brewer, P.J., Worton, D.R., Bacquart, T., Gardiner, T., Robinson, R.A. and Finlayson, A.J., (2020). Performing quality assurance of carbon dioxide for carbon capture and storage. C, 6(4), 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/c6040076.
Reyes-Lúa, A., & Jordal, K. (2020). Industrial CO₂ capture projects: Lessons learned and needs for progressing towards full-scale implementation. Changes, 1, 10.
Wang, N., Akimoto, K., & Nemet, G. F. (2024). What went wrong? Learning from three decades of carbon capture, utilization and sequestration (CCUS) pilot and demonstration projects. Energy Policy, 158, 112546. doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112546.
Alivand, M. S., Mazaheri, O., Wu, Y., Stevens, G. W., Scholes, C. A., & Mumford, K. A. (2020). Catalytic solvent regeneration for energy-efficient CO2 capture. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 8(51), 18755-18788. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c07066.
Herdem, M. S., Sinaki, M. Y., Farhad, S., & Hamdullahpur, F. (2019). An overview of the methanol reforming process: Comparison of fuels, catalysts, reformers, and systems. International Journal of Energy Research, 43(10), 5076-5105. https://doi.org/10.1002/er.4440.
Zhang, C., Shao, Y., Shen, W., Li, H., Nan, Z., Dong, M., Bian, J. and Cao, X., 2023. Key technologies of pure hydrogen and hydrogen-mixed natural gas pipeline transportation. Acs Omega, 8(22), p.19212. doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c01131.
Yasemi, S., Khalili, Y., Sanati, A., & Bagheri, M. (2023). Carbon capture and storage: Application in the oil and gas industry. Sustainability, 15(19), 14486. doi.org/10.3390/su151914486.
Oltra, C., Upham, P., Riesch, H., Boso, À., Brunsting, S., Dütschke, E., & Lis, A. (2012). Public responses to CO2 storage sites: lessons from five European cases. Energy & Environment, 23(2-3), 227-248. https://doi.org/10.1260/0958-305X.23.2-3.227.
Morris, J. F., Reilly, J. M., & Chen, Y. H. H. (2023). Advanced technologies in energy-economy models for climate change assessment. Energy Economics, 80, 476-490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2019.01.034.
Fortunate, E. I., Aanuoluwapo, O. O., & Elegbeleye, F. A. (2025). The Role of Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS) Technologies and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Achieving Net-Zero Carbon Footprint: Advances, Implementation Challenges, and Future Perspectives. Technologies, 13(11), 509.
Garcia, J. A., Villen-Guzman, M., Rodriguez-Maroto, J. M., & Paz-Garcia, J. M. (2024). Comparing CO2 storage and utilization: enhancing sustainability through renewable energy integration. Sustainability, 16(15), 6639. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16156639.
Anderson, D., & Leach, M. (2004). Harvesting and redistributing renewable energy: on the role of gas and electricity grids to overcome intermittency through the generation and storage of hydrogen. Energy policy, 32(14), 1603-1614. doi.org/10.1016/S0301-4215(03)00131-9.
Dickel, R. (2020). Blue hydrogen as an enabler of green hydrogen: the case of Germany (No. 159). OIES Paper: NG.
Jiang, K., Ashworth, P., Zhang, S., Liang, X., Sun, Y., & Angus, D. (2020). China’s carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) policy: A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 119, 109601. doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109601.
Du, X., Gao, S., & Yang, G. (2025). Machine Learning Applications in Gray, Blue, and Green Hydrogen Production: A Comprehensive Review. Gases, 5(2), 9. doi.org/10.3390/gases5020009.
Rockström, J., Gaffney, O., Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., Nakicenovic, N., & Schellnhuber, H. J. (2017). A roadmap for rapid decarbonization, 490 Science, 355, 1269–1271.
Tang, H., Chen, W., Zhang, S., & Zhang, Q. (2023). China’s multi-sector-shared CCUS networks in a carbon-neutral vision. Iscience, 26(4). doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106347.